Answer 1

In Python, there is a whole set of libraries for that:
numpy - for arithmetical operations on vectors and matrices
pandas - for easy mass data reading and processing
sci-kit learn (sklearn) - for machine learning operations, modeling and predictions
scipy - for scientific computing (often needed for some selected mathematical operations)

You might also apply deep learning, multilayered neural networks for your tasks - you got tensorflow or pytorch for that, with keras wrapper for kindergarten-easy NN layer formation :)