Answer 1

There are probably more than one answers and interpretations of this question as it is posed now, but my simplest understanding and differentiation is:

- markup language - not really a code to execute, but rather tags, which mark-up certain abstracts - in HTML you just mark up a paragraph <p></p> - it is neither a logical statement or a loop or any other concept, in XML you specify concrete structural elements of the data to be transferred or stored

- programming language - needs a logically laid out code to compile and/or interpret in order to execute the program and actually do something

- scripting languages - a group of programming languages which act by code interpretation, not compilation -- the consequence is that you always need this language environment (or at least interpreter) for the code to work -- JavaScript, Python and Ruby are examples of such

- compiled languages - a group of programming languages which first compile the code and then run it -- a compiled code can be (but doesn't have to be) a self-executing file (like .exe or .com) -- this gives you an ability to run it everywhere - even on machines which do not carry those languages environments -- this is how applications, programs and games are usually made -- C/C++, C# and Java can be examples of such languages

That's my rule-of-thumb interpretation :)