Answer 1

According to google:
the state of the environment in which a situation exists

So in this case it most likely means the piece of code where you can access a certain variable because it exists in that area(its scope)

Example:

public class MyClass {
int x =5;

public void function (){
x=3; //Valid
int y=2;
}
y=7; //Not valid because we are trying to access a variable out of its scope
}

In this scenario you can access y within the method called function, that means thats the scope of that variable. Note that you cant access y outside of the body function.
Whereas you can access x within the class myClass, so thats its scope.

Hint: the scope of a variable is usually determined by curly braces {}