Answer 1

It'd be defined by the architecture you were using. On a Zilog z80 chip (common embedded chip) they'd be one size while they could be an entirely different size on a x86 chipset. However, the sizes themselves are fixed ratios to each other. Essentially short and long aren't types but qualifies for the int type. Short ints will be one order of magnitude smaller than (regular) int and long ints will be an order of magnitude higher. So say your Int is bounded to 4 bytes, the short qualifier bounds it to 4 bytes though 2 bytes is also very common and the long qualifier boosts it potentially to 8 bytes though it can be less down to 4 bytes. Keep in mind that this is subject to word length as well so on a 32 bit system you'd max out at 4 bytes per int anyway making long the same as a regular int. Thus, Short ≤ Int ≤ Long.

However, if you lengthen it again, you can push in the int to the next cell giving you 8 whole bytes of storage.