What is Arduino ?

Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor, a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor, turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board. To do so you use the Arduino programming language (based on Wiring), and the Arduino Software (IDE), based on Processing.

Over the years Arduino has been the brain of thousands of projects, from everyday objects to complex scientific instruments. A worldwide community of makers - students, hobbyists, artists, programmers, and professionals - has gathered around this open-source platform, their contributions have added up to an incredible amount of accessible knowledge that can be of great help to novices and experts alike.

Arduino was born at the Ivrea Interaction Design Institute as an easy tool for fast prototyping, aimed at students without a background in electronics and programming. As soon as it reached a wider community, the Arduino board started changing to adapt to new needs and challenges, differentiating its offer from simple 8-bit boards to products for IoT applications, wearable, 3D printing, and embedded environments. All Arduino boards are completely open-source, empowering users to build them independently and eventually adapt them to their particular needs. The software, too, is open-source, and it is growing through the contributions of users worldwide.

Why to use Arduino

Thanks to its simple and accessible user experience, Arduino has been used in thousands of different projects and applications. The Arduino software is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users. It runs on Mac, Windows, and Linux. Teachers and students use it to build low cost scientific instruments, to prove chemistry and physics principles, or to get started with programming and robotics. Designers and architects build interactive prototypes, musicians and artists use it for installations and to experiment with new musical instruments. Makers, of course, use it to build many of the projects exhibited at the Maker Faire, for example. Arduino is a key tool to learn new things. Anyone - children, hobbyists, artists, programmers - can start tinkering just following the step by step instructions of a kit, or sharing ideas online with other members of the Arduino community.

There are many other microcontrollers and microcontroller platforms available for physical computing. Parallax Basic Stamp, Netmedia's BX-24, Phidgets, MIT's Handyboard, and many others offer similar functionality. All of these tools take the messy details of microcontroller programming and wrap it up in an easy-to-use package. Arduino also simplifies the process of working with microcontrollers, but it offers some advantage for teachers, students, and interested amateurs over other systems:

Inexpensive - Arduino boards are relatively inexpensive compared to other microcontroller platforms. The least expensive version of the Arduino module can be assembled by hand, and even the pre-assembled Arduino modules cost less than $50
Cross-platform - The Arduino Software (IDE) runs on Windows, Macintosh OSX, and Linux operating systems. Most microcontroller systems are limited to Windows.
Simple, clear programming environment - The Arduino Software (IDE) is easy-to-use for beginners, yet flexible enough for advanced users to take advantage of as well. For teachers, it's conveniently based on the Processing programming environment, so students learning to program in that environment will be familiar with how the Arduino IDE works.
Open source and extensible software - The Arduino software is published as open source tools, available for extension by experienced programmers. The language can be expanded through C++ libraries, and people wanting to understand the technical details can make the leap from Arduino to the AVR C programming language on which it's based. Similarly, you can add AVR-C code directly into your Arduino programs if you want to.
source and extensible hardware - The plans of the Arduino boards are published under a Creative Commons license, so experienced circuit designers can make their own version of the module, extending it and improving it. Even relatively inexperienced users can build the breadboard version of the module in order to understand how it works and save money.

Diffrent types of Arduino

Arduino is large varieties of Arduino bord available in market.

This table shows a quick comparison between the characteristics of all the Arduino and Genuino boards.

NAME	PROCESSOR	Operating/Input Voltage	CPU Speed	Analog In/Out	Digital IO/PWM	EEPROM [kB]	SRAM [kB]	Flash [kB]	USB	UART
101	Intel® Curie	3.3 V/ 7-12V	32MHz	6/0	14/4	-	24	196	Regular	-
Gemma	ATtiny85	3.3 V / 4-16 V	8 MHz	1/0	3/2	0.5	0.5	8	Micro	0
LilyPad	ATmega168V ATmega328P	2.7-5.5 V / 2.7-5.5 V	8MHz	6/0	14/6	0.512	1	16	-	-
LilyPad SimpleSnap	ATmega328P	2.7-5.5 V / 2.7-5.5 V	8 MHz	4/0	9/4	1	2	32	-	-
LilyPad USB	ATmega32U4	3.3 V / 3.8-5 V	8 MHz	4/0	9/4	1	2.5	32	Micro	-
Mega 2560	ATmega2560	5 V / 7-12 V	16 MHz	16/0	54/15	4	8	256	Regular	4
Micro	ATmega32U4	5 V / 7-12 V	16 MHz	12/0	20/7	1	2.5	32	Micro	1
MKR1000	SAMD21 Cortex-M0+	3.3 V/ 5V	48MHz	7/1	8/4	-	32	256	Micro	1
Pro	ATmega168 ATmega328P	3.3 V / 3.35-12 V 5 V / 5-12 V	8 MHz 16 MHz	6/0	14/6	0.512 1	1 2	16 32	-	1
Pro Mini	ATmega328P	3.3 V / 3.35-12 V 5 V / 5-12 V	8 MHz 16 MHz	6/0	14/6	1	2	32	-	1
Uno	ATmega328P	5 V / 7-12 V	16 MHz	6/0	14/6	1	2	32	Regular	1
Zero	ATSAMD21G18	3.3 V / 7-12 V	48 MHz	6/1	14/10	-	32	256	2 Micro	2
Due	ATSAM3X8E	3.3 V / 7-12 V	84 MHz	12/2	54/12	-	96	512	2 Micro	4
Esplora	ATmega32U4	5 V / 7-12 V	16 MHz	-	-	1	2.5	32	Micro	-
Ethernet	ATmega328P	5 V / 7-12 V	16 MHz	6/0	14/4	1	2	32	Regular	-
Mega ADK	ATmega2560	5 V / 7-12 V	16 MHz	16/0	54/15	4	8	256	Regular	4
Leonardo	ATmega32U4	5 V / 7-12 V	16 MHz	12/0	20/7	1	2.5	32	Micro	1
Mini	ATmega328P	5 V / 7-9 V	16 MHz	8/0	14/6	1	2	32	-	-
Nano	ATmega168 ATmega328P	5 V / 7-9 V	16 MHz	8/0	14/6	0.512 1	1 2	16 32	Mini	1
Yùn	ATmega32U4 AR9331 Linux	5 V	16 MHz 400MHz	12/0	20/7	1	2.5 16MB	32 64MB	Micro	1
Arduino Robot	ATmega32u4	5 V	16 MHz	6/0	20/6	1 KB (ATmega32u4)/ 512 Kbit (I2C)	2.5 KB (ATmega32u4)	32 KB (ATmega32u4) of which 4 KB used by bootloader	1	1
MKRZero	SAMD21 Cortex-M0+ 32bit low power ARM MCU	3.3 V	48 MHz	7 (ADC 8/10/12 bit)/1 (DAC 10 bit)	22/12	No	32 KB	256 KB	1	1

APPS RELATED TO PROGRAMING FOR ARDUINO

The most widely used app for programing aurduino with a Android phone is ArduinoDroid IDE

DOWNLOAD

Desktop version | V 1.8.12

DOWNLOAD

The app which I will suggest you to use if you are beginer.

DOWNLOAD

SOME APPLICATIONS OF ARDUINO

For making Drones.
For making Line follower Robot.
For usage in Internet of Things(IoT).
For making security devices for home.
For Automatic Opening Dustbin with Ultrasonic Sensor.
For making line follower robot.
To measure Temperature.
Mini Stereo Radio with RDA5807.

Some instructions to begin your programing.

Arduino microcontrollers come in a variety of types. The most common is the Arduino UNO, but there are specialized variations. Before you begin building, do a little research to figure out which version will be the most appropriate for your project.
To begin, you'll need to install the Arduino Programmer, aka the integrated development environment (IDE).
Connect your Arduino to the USB port of your computer. This may require a specific USB cable. Every Arduino has a different virtual serial-port address, so you 'll need to reconfigure the port if you're using different Arduinos.
Set the board type and the serial port in the Arduino Programmer.
Test the microcontroller by using one of the preloaded programs, called sketches, in the Arduino Programmer. Open one of the example sketches, and press the upload button to load it. The Arduino should begin responding to the program: If you've set it to blink an LED light, for example, the light should start blinking.
To upload new code to the Arduino, either you'll need to have access to code you can paste into the programmer, or you'll have to write it yourself, using the Arduino programming language to create your own sketch. An Arduino sketch usually has five parts: a header describing the sketch and its author; a section defining variables; a setup routine that sets the initial conditions of variables and runs preliminary code; a loop routine, which is where you add the main code that will execute repeatedly until you stop running the sketch; and a section where you can list other functions that activate during the setup and loop routines. All sketches must include the setup and loop routines.
Once you've uploaded the new sketch to your Arduino, disconnect it from your computer and integrate it into your project as directed.

Get some starter project created by me.

A project for Fire alarm to detect flame Using flame sensor

A poject with DHT 11 to measure the temprature and humidity

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ARDUINO BEGINNER GUIDE [FULL]