Linux

What is Operating System (OS)?

Operating System (OS): Software managing computer hardware and providing services for programs.
1. Windows: Developed by Microsoft for personal computers and servers.
2. macOS: Apple's OS for Macintosh computers.
3. Linux: Open-source OS kernel used in distributions like Ubuntu and CentOS.
4. Android: Mobile OS by Google for smartphones and tablets.
5. iOS: Apple's mobile OS for iPhones and iPads.
6. Unix: Powerful OS used in servers and mainframes.
7. Chrome OS: Google's OS for lightweight, web-based computing.

History of Linux

Linux and GNU: Linux is an open-source Unix-like OS kernel created by Linus Torvalds in 1991. The Linux kernel combined with GNU software forms a complete operating system.
GNU (GNU's Not Unix): An operating system started by Richard Stallman in 1983 to create a free Unix-like system. Though the kernel was missing, Linux filled that gap, resulting in the commonly used term "GNU/Linux."
1991: Linus Torvalds releases the first version of the Linux kernel.
GNU Project: Contributions from the GNU Project, such as the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) and utilities, enhance the functionality of Linux.
Stable Releases: Linux has evolved through stable releases with contributions from a global community of developers.
Open Source: Linux is celebrated for its open-source nature, encouraging collaboration and innovation.
Distributions: Various Linux distributions, like Ubuntu, Fedora, and Debian, package the Linux kernel with GNU tools and additional software.
Server Dominance: Linux is widely used in server environments due to its stability, security, and scalability.
Desktop and Embedded Systems: Linux is also used on desktops and embedded systems, providing a versatile computing platform.
Community Development: The Linux community, along with the Free Software Foundation and GNU Project, continues to play a significant role in shaping the future of open-source computing.

Linux Distros

Linux Distribution (Distro): A Linux distribution is a complete operating system consisting of the Linux kernel, GNU utilities, package management system, and additional software. Distributions are customized to serve specific purposes or user preferences.
Components: A typical Linux distro includes the Linux kernel, GNU tools, system libraries, shell utilities, package manager, and a desktop environment or window manager.
Package Management: Distributions use package managers (e.g., APT, YUM, Pacman) to simplify software installation, updates, and removal.
Desktop Environments: Various distros offer different desktop environments (e.g., GNOME, KDE, XFCE) providing graphical user interfaces and user experience.
Server vs. Desktop: Some distros are optimized for server environments, focusing on stability and performance, while others target desktop users with user-friendly interfaces and applications.
Examples: Popular Linux distros include:
1. Ubuntu: Known for its user-friendly interface and extensive software repository.
2. Fedora: Emphasizes the use of cutting-edge software and technology.
3. Debian: Known for its stability and adherence to free software principles.
4. CentOS: A free, open-source alternative to Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
5. Arch Linux: Designed for users who want a customizable and minimalistic system.
6. openSUSE: Focuses on usability and simplicity with YaST configuration tool.
Community and Support: Distributions often have vibrant communities that contribute to development, documentation, and support forums.
Customization: Users can customize a Linux distribution to meet specific requirements, making it a flexible and versatile choice for various computing environments.

Linux Commands

Command	Description
`ls`	List directory contents
`pwd`	Print working directory
`cd`	Change directory
`cp`	Copy files or directories
`mv`	Move or rename files or directories
`rm`	Remove files or directories
`mkdir`	Create a new directory
`chmod`	Change file permissions
`ps`	Display information about running processes
`grep`	Search for patterns in files
`cat`	Concatenate and display file content
`find`	Search for files and directories
`tar`	Archive and compress files
`sudo`	Execute a command as a superuser
`df`	Display disk space usage
`man`	Display the manual for a command
`wget`	Download files from the internet
`top`	Display and update sorted information about processes
`kill`	Terminate a process

There are other commands on earth,you can try them

Linux Applications

Applications of Linux:
1. Servers: Linux is widely used as a server operating system due to its stability, security, and performance.
2. Web Development: Many web servers run on Linux, making it a preferred platform for web development.
3. Embedded Systems: Linux is commonly used in embedded systems, such as routers and IoT devices.
4. Supercomputers: Several supercomputers and high-performance computing clusters use Linux.
5. Cloud Computing: Linux is a key player in cloud environments, powering infrastructure and services.
6. Mobile Devices: Android, a popular mobile operating system, is based on the Linux kernel.
7. Desktop Computing: Linux desktop environments provide user-friendly alternatives to proprietary systems.
8. Security: Linux is known for its robust security features, making it a preferred choice for secure systems.
9. Networking: Linux is widely used in networking equipment and protocols.
10. Education: Linux is popular in educational institutions due to its open-source nature and accessibility.

Welcome to the world of Linux

What is Operating System (OS)?

History of Linux

Linux Distros

Linux Commands

Linux Applications

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