Answer 1

while (counter <= 10)
action statements
counter =counter +1

I dont see any code. So let's use the above. This loop is a counter controlled loop, where it checks whether counter <= 10 is still true. If it is, do action statements and increment counter.

Counter is just a variable you check. You can callit any thing.
Counter =Counter +1 is the incrementing of Counter so that, at one point while is no longer true. Otherwise, while will run forever