Answer 1

After the class loading is over, the Java class undergoes verification to check whether the file meets all the criteria as given in the JVM specifications.
Once that is done, the components of that class, be it instance variables, methods or class instances themselves are converted to symbols.
These symbols are nothing but a string value that holds the logical reference to those class components. This information is basically stored in the run-time constant pool.
So when the JVM starts execution, it will use those symbolic references to locate those classes and it's components in the classloader.
So resolving is a process of converting these symbolic references to their actually references.