Answer 1

First of all, Angular is based on TypeScript while AngularJS is based on JavaScript. TypeScript is a superset of ES6 and it’s backward compatible with ES5. Angular has also benefits of ES6 like: lambda operators, iterators or reflection’s mechanism.
AngularJS uses terms of scope and controller. To scope a variable you can add many variables that will be visible in View as well as in Controller.
AngularJS has also a concept of rootScope. Variables in rootScope are available on all throughout application. Angular does not have a concept of scope or controllers.
Instead of them it uses a hierarchy of components as its main architectural concept. Component is a directive with a template. That is a similar approach as in ReactJS – another library used for building user interfaces.